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These devices use high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets, specifically Rare-Earth Barium Copper Oxide (REBCO) tapes, to generate extremely powerful magnetic fields in a smaller volume than traditional tokamaks. This allows for a much more compact fusion reactor capable of achieving net energy gain. MIT's Plasma Science and Fusion Center and Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS) are leading this research. They are currently in the prototype and construction phase for their SPARC reactor, aiming for Q>1. In September 2021, CFS successfully tested a full-scale REBCO magnet that achieved a record 20 tesla magnetic field, the strongest of its kind. This approach promises a smaller, faster path to commercial fusion compared to large-scale projects like ITER, which uses low-temperature superconducting magnets.
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Why It Matters
The world needs clean, abundant energy to power a growing population and combat climate change, addressing a global energy market worth trillions. If successful, compact fusion reactors could provide a carbon-free, always-on baseload power source, making energy cheaper and more reliable for everyone. Winners include energy-hungry nations and industries, while fossil fuel companies face disruption. Key barriers include perfecting magnet reliability under extreme neutron flux and achieving sustained net energy gain. A realistic timeline for grid connection could be in the 2030s, with widespread deployment in the 2040s. The US (CFS) and UK (Tokamak Energy) are major players. A second-order consequence is the potential for decentralized energy grids, reducing reliance on massive centralized power stations.
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