Neanderthals Created Europe's Oldest Cave Art 65,000 Years Ago

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Discovery

Curated by Surfaced Editorial·Archaeology·2 min read

An international research team, led by the University of Southampton and including scientists from universities in Spain and Germany, has provided definitive evidence that Neanderthals created the world's oldest known cave art, dating back at least 65,000 years. Using uranium-thorium dating of calcite crusts overlying the paintings in three Spanish caves (La Pasiega, Maltravieso, and Ardales), they confirmed the art predates the arrival of modern humans in Europe by about 20,000 years. The artwork includes hand stencils, red and black geometric signs, and painted formations. This discovery radically redefines our understanding of Neanderthal cognitive abilities and symbolic thought. The surprising implication is that artistic expression is not unique to Homo sapiens, challenging a fundamental distinction often made between human species.

Why It’s Fascinating

This discovery is highly surprising to anthropologists and the general public, as it fundamentally overturns the long-held belief that only Homo sapiens were capable of complex symbolic thought and artistic creation. It challenges the notion that Neanderthals were intellectually inferior or merely brutish, confirming their capacity for abstract thought and cultural expression. In the next 5-10 years, further discoveries of Neanderthal art could lead to a complete re-evaluation of their social structures, language capabilities, and their eventual extinction. It's like finding out that another species in our evolutionary family was also writing poetry and painting masterpieces. Anthropologists, evolutionary biologists, and anyone interested in human origins would benefit most from this expanded view of intelligence. How much more do we underestimate the cognitive lives of our ancient relatives?

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