TargetedMuscleReinnervationwithNeuralInterfaces

Targeted Muscle Reinnervation (TMR) with Neural Interfaces is a surgical procedure that reroutes residual nerves from an amputated limb to healthy, redundant muscles in the stump. These reinnervated muscles then act as biological amplifiers, generating myoelectric signals that can be detected by sensors in a prosthetic limb, enabling intuitive motor control. Additionally, neural interfaces (e.g., nerve cuffs) can be integrated to provide sensory feedback directly from the reinnervated nerves. Pioneering work has been done at institutions like the Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (formerly Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago) and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab (JHU APL). TMR for motor control is in early commercialization, while integrated sensation is still largely in advanced research. In 2020, researchers at Johns Hopkins University demonstrated a patient using a mind-controlled prosthetic arm with TMR to feel individual fingers and textures, published in *Science Translational Medicine*. This system offers significantly more natural and intuitive control, alongside crucial sensory feedback, compared to standard myoelectric prosthetics that often lack sensation and fine motor control.